Philipp of Chalons
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: 1100
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Theobald II of Blois (Abt 1019-1043)
Mother: Garsend von Maine ( - )
Philippa of Hainault
Sex: F
Individual Information
Birth: 24 Jun 1311 - Valenciennes, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
Christening:
Death: 15 Aug 1369 - Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England
Burial: in Westminster Abbey, London, England
Cause of Death: Dropsy
Parents
Father: John II of Hainaut (1247-1304)
Mother: Philipine of Luxemburg (1252-1311)
Spouses and Children
1. *King Edward III Plantagenet , King of England (13 Nov 1312 - 21 Jun 1377)
Marriage: 24 Jan 1328 - York Minster, Yorkshire, England
Status:
Children:
1. Edward Plantagenet (1330-1376)
2. Isabella Plantagenet (1332-1396)
3. Edmund of Langley Plantagenet , Duke of York (1341-1402)
4. Joan Plantagenet (1335-1348)
5. William Plantagenet (1337-1337)
6. Lionel of Antwerp Plantagenet , Duke of Clarence (1338-1368)
7. Duke John of Gaunt Plantagenet (1340-1399)
8. Blanche Plantagenet (1342-1342)
9. Mary Plantagenet (1344-1362)
Notes
General:
4th daughter.Others show her born 1314 in , Belguim
Philippa of Hainault (~1314 - August 15, 1369) was the Queen consort of Edward III of England.
Philippa was born in Valenciennes (then in Flanders, now France) and was the daughter of William III, Count of Hainaut and Jeanne de Valois, the granddaughter of Philip III of France. She married Edward at York Minster, on October, 1327, nine months after his accession to the English throne and, unlike many of her predecessors, she did not alienate the English people by retaining her foreign retinue upon her marriage or bringing large numbers of foreigners to the English court.
Philippa accompanied Edward on his expeditions to Scotland (1333) and Flanders (1338-40), where she won acclaim for her gentleness and compassion. She is also remembered by history as the tenderhearted woman, who interceded with her husband and persuaded him to spare the lives of the Burghers of Calais whom he had planned to execute as an example to the townspeople.
Philippa and Edward had thirteen children, including five sons who lived into adulthood and whose rivalry would eventually bring about the long-running civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses. Their sons are listed below:
Edward the Black Prince
Lionel of Antwerp
John of Gaunt
Edmund of Langley
Thomas of Woodstock
Another three sons died in infancy. They also had five daughters.
Philippa died of dropsy in Windsor Castle, and was buried at Westminster Abbey.
Research:
"Version: 19 Aug 97 Author: Brian Tompsett Sources: see bibliography Copyright © 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997.".
p. 235. "English Genealogy by Sir Anthony Wagner published by Phillimore 1983.".
Phillip of Artois
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: 11 Sep 1296 - Battle of Furnes, Furnes, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium
Burial:
Cause of Death: Wounds from Battle
Spouses and Children
1. *Blanche de Dreux (Unknown - 19 Mar 1327)
Marriage: Jul 1280
Status:
Children:
1. Jane d'Artois ( - )
Phillip of CHÂLON
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: 1100
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Stephen II Henry of Blois (Abt 1045-1102)
Mother: Adela (1062-1137)
Phillip of Rouvers
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: 5 Aug 1346 - Chateau de Rouvres, France
Christening:
Death: 21 Nov 1361 - Chateau de Rouvres, France
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Spouses and Children
1. *Margaret II of Flanders de Male (Unknown - 16 Mar 1405)
Marriage: 21 Mar 1356
Status:
Notes
General:
Acceded: 1347
Duke of Burgundy.
He was Betrothed to Margaret of Flanders but he died of the Plague before they could be married throwing the house of Burgundy in to a
crisis of sucession.
Phillipa du Perche
Sex: F
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: Unknown
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Rotrou the Great du Perche ( -1144)
Mother: Maude (Abt 1090-1120)
Spouses and Children
1. *Helias of Mayenne (Unknown - Unknown)
Marriage: Unknown
Status:
Pippin
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: Unknown
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Pepin III, "The Short" of Franks King of Franks (0715-0768)
Mother: Bertrada II of Laon ( -0783)
Notes
General:
Pippin died at a young age.
Plectrud
Sex: F
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: Unknown
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Hugobert Founder of Echternach ( - )
Mother: Irmina Founder of Echternach ( - )
Spouses and Children
1. *Pepin II of Austrasia d'Heristal Duke of Austrasia (Unknown - 714)
Marriage: Unknown
Status:
Children:
1. Drogo of Champagne Duke of Champagne ( - )
2. Grimoald II of Austrasia Mayor of Austrasia ( -0656)
Pukuveras (Liutauras) of LITHUANIA
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: 1295
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Parents
Father: Skumantas ( - )
Mother: Skolomend ( - )
Spouses and Children
1. *Unknown
Children:
1. King Gediminas of LITHUANIA ( -1341)
2. Vytenis (Witenes) , Grand Prince of Lithuania ( -1316)
3. Voin (Wojn) of Polotsk , Price of Polock ( -After 1342)
4. Fiodo , Prince of Kiev (Kijow) ( -Abt 1362)
5. Olgimunt (Borys) ( - )
6. [Daughter] ( - )
Notes
General:
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštyst?, Polish: Wielkie Ksi?stwo Litewskie) was an Eastern European state in 12th - 18th centuries. Founded by at that time pagan, Baltic Lithuanians in the second half of the 12th century, soon it over passed the confines of the traditional area of Lithuanian settlement, affiliating wide territories of former Kievan Rus. This way it covered the territory of present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria and partially Poland and Russia in the period of its greatest extent in the 15th century. In the Union of Krewo in 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania made a personal union with Kingdom of Poland (existed with considerable breaches). Since the Lublin Union in 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign State of Confederation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (having separate government, laws, army and treasury) until the annexation of Confederation by Imperial Russia, Prussia and Austria in the effect of the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.
Being expanded presumably by peaceful means, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a multinational state, where all its parts (Catholic Lithuanians and Poles, Orthodox and Uniate East Slavs, Jews, Armenians, Germans etc.) contributed to cultural and political life. This multinational character of the state and cosmopolitan tendencies in thinking of the leading elite after the end of 14th century caused the question of legacy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 19th - 20th centuries. Polish, Russian, Lithuanian and Belarusian historians and national leaders disputed this question. These disputes reached their peak during independence wars in 1917 - 1920, often times becoming local wars (see Curzon line, Central Lithuania).
The word "conquest", although it's used often by international (especially Anglo-American), is not the most proper word to describe the process by which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania united the lands of White Ruthenia. It is worth noting that both peoples, the forefathers of modern Lithuanians and modern Belarusians, called themselves "Lithuanians" in their own tongue (respectively lietuviai in Lithuanian and litviny in Belarusian).
History:
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania began its rise to great power status under the reign of the king Mindaugas (or Mindo?h in Belarusian) beginning in 1238. The duchy expanded both south and west, incorporating large quantities of former Rus lands in both directions. Expansion reached its height under Gediminas who created a strong central government and succeed in creating and empire that spread from the Black to the Baltic sea. The ease with which Lithuania built up an empire can be accredited to the diplomatic and tactical skill of Lithuanian grand dukes as well as to the Mongols and their weakening of all the Rus lands. Lithuania was in an ideal position to take advantage of the weakness of the other Eastern Slavs. While almost every other state around it had been pillaged or defeated by the Mongols, the hordes never reached as far north as Lithuania and its territory was left untouched. Lithuania's expansion was also accelerated because of the weak control the Mongols had over the areas they had conquered. (Ruthenia was never incorporated directly into the Golden Horde. Instead, it was always a vassal state with a fair degree of independence.) The rise of Lithuania occurred at the ideal time when they could expand while meeting very little Ruthenian resistance and only limited opposition from the Mongols.
The Lithuanian Empire was not one built upon military aggression. The Grand Duchy's existence always depended upon diplomacy just as much as upon arms. Most cities it annexed were never defeated in battle but agreed to be vassals of Lithuania. Since most of them were already vassals of the Golden Horde or of Muscovy this decision was not one of giving up independence but rather of exchanging one master for another. This can be seen in the case of Novgorod, it was often brought into the Lithuanian sphere of influence and became an occasional dependency of Lithuania, but Lithuanian armies never attacked the city. Rather Lithuanian control was the result of internal factions within the city looking to escape domination by Muscovy. This method of empire building was, however, quite unstable. Changing internal politics within a city would often see it pull out of Lithuania's control, as happened on a number of occasions with Novgorod and other Rus cities.
Lithuania reached its height under Vytautas the Great (Vitaut, Vitovt, Witold) who reigned from 1392 to 1430. The territory spread from the Baltic to the Black sea. Muskovys speedy expansion soon put it into a position to rival Lithuania, however, and after the annexation of Novgorod in 1478 Muskovy was unquestionably the preeminent state in North East Europe. Between 1492 and 1508 Ivan III seized a part of the former Rus lands from Lithuania. The loss of land to Muscovy and the continued pressure from the expanding Russian state made a real threat of destroying the state of Lithuania, as it was forced to pursue ever closer alliances with Poland until it was united with its western neighbor in the Commonwealth of Two Nations (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) in the Union of Lublin of 1569.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained many rights in that confederation (including separate government, treasury and army) until the May Constitution of Poland was passed in 1791.
The chancery languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was old Belarusian (sometimes referred to as Old Ruthenian) and Latin. First was used for correspondance to eastern countries, while the latter - to western countries. While Ruthenian was used for writing, the individual national languages were widely spoken by ething groups in their respective areas. Lithuanian was used in Lithuanian populated areas of the country, which included today's Lithuania and parts of today's Belarus. Ethnically at the start of the country Lithuanians made 70% of population. With the acquisition of new slavic populated territories, this part decreased to 50% and with the acquisition of even more lands to 30%. Other major nations were Eastern Slavs (who eventually made Ukrainians and Belarusians) and Tatars (in the south).
Military:
Despite Lithuania's somewhat peaceful conquest of much of its Rus holdings it could call upon potent military strength if needed and were the only power in Eastern Europe that could contend with the Golden Horde as equals. While very few armies in the world could oppose the Mongols at their height, the Golden Horde was an easier rival, and one Lithuania could match. When the Golden Horde did try to prevent Lithuanian expansion they were often rebuffed. In both 1333 and 1339 the Lithuanians defeated large Mongol forces attempting to regain Smolensk from the Lithuanian sphere of influence. Even when victorious the Mongols rarely had the power to stop Lithuania for long. A large victory in 1399, for instance, only briefly delayed Lithuanian control spreading all the way to the Black Sea. Due to of Lithuanian power the Mongols could not exert military dominance over northwestern Russia, and partially for this reason Smolensk, Pskov, Novgorod, and Polotsk were some of the few major cities never to be ravaged by the Mongols.
Religion:
Until 1387 Lithuanians professed their own religion, which was non-Christian (pagan) and was somewhat different than any other religion in the world, though clearly a polytheistic religion based on deififation of natural phenomena. Lithuanians were also a nation very dedicated to its faith. The pagan beliefs needed to be firmly entrenched to survive strong pressure from missionaries and foreign powers. Belarus and Ukraine, as well as local dukes (princes) in said regions, were firmly Orthodox Christians, though. Crusades were also launched against the Lithuanians, most notably by the Teutonic Knights. While pagan beliefs in Lithuania were strong enough to survive centuries of pressure from crusaders and missionaries, they did eventually succumb. After its union with Poland, Lithuania converted to Catholicism, while most of the Belarusian lands stayed Orthodox (rather, Greek Catholic). The Teutonic Knights were crushed by the Poles and Lithuanians at the battle of Tannenberg in 1410.
Culture:
One of the oldest universities in Eastern Europe, Vilnius University, was founded by Stefan Batory, Grand duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, in 1579. Due to the work of the Jesuits during the Counter-reformation the university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Legacy
According to some historians (especially Russian) one of the most crucial effects of Lithuania's power was upon ethnic divisions amongst inhabitants of former Kievan Rus'. From this point of view creation of Grand Duchy of Lithuania played a major role in division of the Eastern Slavs. After monglolian conquest of Rus' the Mongols attempted to keep the East Slavs unified and succeeded in conquering majority of the former Rus lands, but soon some of them were vassalized by Lithuania. This separation of the East Slavs among two powers created substantial differences that persist to this day. According to this claim while during Kievan Rus there were certainly substantial regional differences, it was the Lithuanian "annexation" of much of southern and western Rus that led to the permanent division between Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians. Kiev, Minsk, and other southern cities of Rus had not enough resources to avoid annexation to Russia like Novgorod, a city which also had strong regional differences to Vladimir-Suzdal', but ones that were erased by total Muscovite regional domination. However, presence of a strong empire prevented quick reunification of land of Rus before the separate national identities formed. This claim seems to be highly controversial as on the same basis it can be claimed that the reason of creation of separate Russian state was the fact that Muscovy reminded under Mongol political and cultural influence. From this point of view the reason of divisions amongst inhabitants of Rus' was Mongolian influence on Muscovy rather than Lithuanian on other parts of Rus'. Besides, ethnic and linguistic divisions amongst inhabitants of Rus were not initiated by division of this area between Mongols and Lithuania, and are much older than creation of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And finally ethnic and linguistic frontier between Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians, until 20th century did not cover with any political borders.
Research:
Rowell, S.C. Lithuania Ascending a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
Radbard of Russia , King in Russia
Sex: M
Individual Information
Birth: Unknown
Christening:
Death: Unknown
Burial:
Cause of Death:
Spouses and Children
1. *Unknown
Children:
1. Randver Radbardsson ( - )
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